BIOCHEMISTRY II

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Learning Outcomes

Will be able to explain general information about carbohydrates
Classifies carbohydrates.
Explains the stereoisomeric structures of carbohydrates
Explains the derivatives of carbohydrates.
Draws the linear and cyclic chemical formulas of common monosaccharides
Knows and names the formation of glycosidic bonds.
Draws the chemical formulas of common disaccharides
Explains the general properties of common disaccharides
Explains the general formulas of common polysaccharides
Explains the general properties of common polysaccharides.
Explains the functions of compound carbohydrates.
Will be able to explain the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
Explains the digestion of carbohydrates.
Explains the properties of enzymes involved in digestion
Explains the passage of monosaccharides through the intestinal epithelial cells
Will be able to explain glycolysis
Explains the uptake of glucose into cells
Explains the purpose of glycolysis.
Writes the reactions of glycolysis
Explains the pathways that feed into glycolysis
Explains the utilization of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions
Explains how glycolysis is regulated.
Will be able to explain gluconeogenesis
Explains the necessity of gluconeogenesis.
Writes the reactions of gluconeogenesis
Writes the energy utilization steps in gluconeogenesis
Explains how glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated
Will be able to explain glycogen metabolism
Explains the synthesis reactions of glycogen
Explains the degradation reactions of glycogen
Explains how the synthesis and degradation reactions of glycogen are reciprocally regulated
Explains the hormonal regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation reactions
Will be able to explain the pentose phosphate pathway in glucose oxidation
Explains the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Explains the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Explains the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Explains the relationship between the products of the pentose phosphate pathway and other metabolic pathways
Explains the relationship between the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis
Will be able to explain the citric acid cycle
Lists the products that pyruvate is converted into.
Explains the reactions involved in the production of Acetyl-CoA
Writes the reactions of the citric acid cycle.
Explains the energy gain obtained from the citric acid cycle reactions.
Explains how the citric acid cycle is regulated.
Will be able to explain general information about lipids.
Explains the properties of lipids and fatty acids
Draws the chemical structure of lipids
Classifies lipids
Explains the structural properties of lipid subclasses
Explains the functions of essential fatty acids
Draws the structure of triacylglycerols.
Explains the structures of structural lipids in membranes
Explains the structure of cholesterol.
Explains the steroid structures derived from cholesterol
Will be able to explain lipid biosynthesis.
Explains the biosynthesis of fatty acids.
Explains the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols
Explains the biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids
Explains the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
Will be able to explain the oxidation of lipids.
Explains the digestion of dietary lipids
Explains the functions of bile acids.
Explains the formation of primary and secondary bile acids
Explains the absorption of dietary lipids in the small intestine
Explains the functions of lipoproteins
Explains the structures of lipoproteins.
Explains the metabolism of lipoproteins
Explains the types of lipid oxidation
Writes the steps of β-oxidation
Explains how the reactions of β-oxidation are regulated.
Explains the stages of ketone body production.
Will be able to explain the integration of metabolism
Explains the metabolism in the fasting state
Explains the metabolism in the fed state.
Explains the relationships between different metabolic pathways
Will be able to explain the electron transport chain.
Explains the pathways of electron transfer to the mitochondria.
Explains the function of enzymes involved in biological oxidation reactions.
Explains the structure of complexes involved in the electron transport chain
Explains electron transfer between the complexes in the electron transport chain
Explains the functions of electron transport chain inhibitors.
Will be able to explain oxidative phosphorylation.
Establishes the relationship between the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Explains the chemiosmotic theory
Explains ATP synthesis
Explains how oxidative phosphorylation is regulated
Will be able to explain vitamins.
Explains the biological significance
Classifies vitamins
Explains the structure and functions of fat-soluble vitamins
Explains the structure and functions of water-soluble vitamins.
Explains vitamin-like compounds
Will be able to explain minerals.
Explains the functions of minerals involved in biological systems
Explains their biochemical significance.
Will be able to explain the endocrine system.
Defines the endocrine system
Explains the mechanisms of hormone action.
Explains the classification of hormones
Will be able to explain thyroid hormones.
Explains the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones
Explains the regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis and release.
Explains the transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones.
Explains the metabolic effects of thyroid hormones.
Explains the effects of thyroid hormones on carbohydrate metabolism
Explains the effects of thyroid hormones on fat metabolism
Explains the effects of thyroid hormones on protein metabolism
Explains the effects of thyroid hormones on growth
Will be able to explain the hormones that regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
Explains the structure and biosynthesis of parathyroid hormone.
Explains the biological effects of parathyroid hormone
Explains the regulation of parathyroid hormone release.
Explains the structure of calcitonin
Explains the biological effects of calcitonin
Explains the regulation of calcitonin release
Explains the structure and biosynthesis of calcitriol
Explains the regulation of calcitriol synthesis and metabolism
Explains the biological effects of calcitriol
Will be able to explain pancreatic hormones.
Explains the structure, biosynthesis, and secretion of insulin
Explains the effects of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism.
Explains the effects of insulin on lipid metabolism
Explains the effects of insulin on protein and nucleic acid metabolism.
Explains the breakdown of insulin
Explains the chemical structure of glucagon
Explains the regulation of glucagon release
Explains the biological effects of glucagon
Explains the general characteristics of somatostatin
Explains the general characteristics of pancreatic polypeptide
Will be able to explain adrenal hormones.
Explains the biosynthesis of adrenal medulla hormones
Explains the storage and release of adrenal medulla hormones.
Explains the metabolism of catecholamines.
Explains the metabolic effects of catecholamines.
Explains the biosynthesis of adrenal corticosteroids.
Explains the transport of adrenal steroids.
Explains the metabolism and release of steroid hormones.
Explains the biological effects of corticosteroids.
Will be able to explain gonads and steroid hormones.
Explains the biosynthesis of androgens
Explains the transport and metabolism of testosterone
Explains the formation of active hormones derived from testosterone
Explains the biological effects of androgens
Explains the biosynthesis of estrogens
Explains the transport of estrogen and progesterone
Explains the metabolism of estrogens.
Explains the biological effects of estrogens
Explains the biosynthesis and metabolism of progesterone
Explains the biological effects of progesterone
Will be able to explain hypothalamic and pituitary hormones.
Explains the biological effects of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
Explains the biological effects of Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Explains the biological effects of Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Explains the biological effects of Somatostatin
Explains the biological effects of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
Explains the biological effects of Prolactin-releasing and inhibiting hormones
Explains the biological effects of Adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Explains the biological effects of Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Explains the biological effects of Gonadotropins.
Explains the regulation of synthesis and release of Gonadotropins.
Explains the biological effects of Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Explains the structure and biological effects of Somatotropin hormone
Explains the regulation of Somatotropin secretion
Explains the structure and biological effects of Prolactin hormone.
Explains the regulation of Prolactin secretion
Explains the biological effects of Antidiuretic hormone
Explains the biological effects of Oxytocin
Will be able to explain gastrointestinal system hormones.
Lists the gastrointestinal hormones.
Lists the cellular locations of gastrointestinal hormones.
Lists the main effects of gastrointestinal hormones
Will be able to explain analysis examples
Explains the chemical composition of blood and the samples obtained from blood
Explains how to obtain the desired blood sample.
Explains hemolysis and its effect on biochemical parameters
Explains the important considerations when preparing blood samples
Describes the characteristics of the tubes used for blood collection.
Classifies the compounds contained in serum
explains the content of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Explains the reasons for using CSF in biochemical analyses.
Defines paracentesis fluids
Lists the characteristics of paracentesis fluids
Lists the similarities or differences between paracentesis fluids
Explains the method used to separate paracentesis fluids
Explains the reasons for using paracentesis fluids in biochemical analyses
Explains the content of residuum
Defines residuum.
Explains the reasons for using residuum in biochemical analyses
Explains the content of synovial fluid.
Explains the reasons for using synovial fluid in biochemical analyses
Explains the content of amniotic fluid.
Explains the reasons for using amniotic fluid in biochemical analyses
Explains the physical and chemical properties of stool.
Explains the reasons for using stool in biochemical analyses
Explains the methods used in the examination of biological materials.
Will be able to explain the main anticoagulant substances
Lists anticoagulant substances.
Explains the structure of anticoagulant substances.
Explains the procedure for using anticoagulant substances.
Explains the interaction between analysis and the selection of anticoagulant substances
Will be able to explain protein recognition reactions
Recognizes the appropriate sample.
Lists the methods used in recognition reactions
Explains the characteristics of the methods used in analysis.
Explains the principle of the analytical method.
Draws the molecular structure of the reagent
Explains how the analytical method is applied.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the analysis.
Recognizes the materials and devices used in the analytical method
Explains the possible causes of the analytical result.
Recognizes the color of the compound formed as a result of the analysis and draws its chemical structure.
Recognizes the appropriate sample
Explains the Biuret method
Lists the methods used in analysis
Explains the characteristics of the methods used in analysis
Explains the principle of the analytical method
Explains how the analytical method is applied.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the analysis.
Recognizes the materials and devices used in the analytical method
Explains the possible causes of the analytical result.
Recognizes the appropriate sample.
Will be able to explain the Bromcresol Green method
Explains the principle of the analytical method
Explains how the analytical method is applied.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the analysis.
Recognizes the materials and devices used in the analytical method.
Explains the possible causes of the analytical result.
Explains how the globulin amount is determined.
Will be able to explain the denaturation of proteins
Explains the definition of denaturation.
Lists the factors that cause denaturation.
Lists the chemicals used in denaturation.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the denaturation process.
Explains how the denaturation process is applied.
Explains the results of the denaturation process.
Explains protein precipitation methods.
Will be able to explain deproteinization
Explains the definition of deproteinization.
Explains the purpose of the process.
Lists the important considerations in the process.
Lists the methods used in deproteinization.
Explains the methods used in deproteinization.
Explains how the deproteinization process is applied.
Explains the concept of isoelectric point.
Explains the concept of salting out.
Explains the principle of the experiment.
Will be able to explain the Ninhydrin test.
Explains how the experiment is applied.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the experiment.
Explains the possible results of the experiment.
Lists the amino acids that react with ninhydrin.
Explains the principle of the experiment.
Will be able to explain the Xanthoprotein reaction.
Explains how the experiment is applied.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the experiment.
Explains the possible results of the experiment.
Lists the amino acids that react with xanthoprotein.
Explains the principle of the experiment.
Will be able to explain the Sulfur test.
Explains how the experiment is applied.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the experiment.
Explains the possible results of the experiment.
Lists the amino acids that give a positive result in the sulfur test.
Will be able to explain the tests that measure renal blood flow.
List the renal function tests.
Explain the renal function tests.
List the concentration tests.
List the dilution tests.
Explain the substances used in renal function tests.
Explain the reasons for choosing creatinine as a biochemical parameter.
Explain how the creatinine clearance test is performed.
Explain the formula used in clearance calculation.
Define the reference range for creatinine clearance values.
List the samples used in the creatinine quantification analysis.
Explain the purpose of the creatinine quantification analysis.
State the method used for creatinine quantification.
Explain the principle of the creatinine quantification method.
Explain how the creatinine quantification method is performed.
Explain the purpose of the chemicals used in the creatinine quantification method.
Recognize the materials and devices used in the analysis method.
Explain the creatinine values in samples from healthy individuals.
Will be able to explain the definition and classification of function tests.
Explain the purpose of liver function tests.
Classify liver function tests.
Explain the tests related to carbohydrate metabolism.
Explain the tests related to lipid metabolism.
Explain the tests related to protein metabolism.
List the tests related to protein metabolism.
Explain the tests related to detoxification.
Explain the tests related to bilirubin metabolism.
Explain the purpose of tests for the determination of serum enzymes.
List the tests that provide information about liver function.
Will be able to explain the determination of bilirubin levels.
Knows the name of the method.
Recognizes the materials and devices used in the analysis method.
Explains the principle of the analysis method.
Explains how the analysis method is performed.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the analysis.
Explains the preparation of the diazo reagent.
Knows the serum bilirubin level values in healthy individuals.
Explains the precautions to be taken during the analysis.
Will be able to explain the Benedict test.
Explains the purpose of the experiment.
Explains the principle of the experiment method.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the experiment.
Explains how the experiment method is performed.
Explains the possible observation results of the experiment and their reasons.
Will be able to explain the Molisch test.
Explains the purpose of the experiment.
Explains the principle of the experiment method.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the experiment.
Explains how the experiment method is performed.
Explains the possible observation results of the experiment and their reasons.
Will be able to explain the Iodine test.
Explains the purpose of the experiment.
Explains the principle of the experiment method.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the experiment.
Explains the reason for the interaction between iodine and starch.
Explains how the experiment method is performed.
Explains the possible observation results of the experiment and their reasons.
Will be able to explain the Osazone test.
Explains the purpose of the experiment.
Explains the principle of the experiment method.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the experiment.
Explains how the experiment method is performed.
Explains the possible results of the experiment.
Explains the possible observation results of the experiment and their reasons.
Will be able to explain the Hydrolysis test.
Explains the purpose of the experiment.
Explains the principle of the experiment method.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the experiment.
Explains how the experiment method is performed.
Explains the possible observation results of the experiment and their reasons.
Will be able to explain other carbohydrate identification tests.
Lists other carbohydrate identification tests.
Explains the purpose of the experiment.
Explains the principle of other carbohydrate identification tests.
Explains how the experiment method is performed.
Explains the condition indicated by the experiment results.
Will be able to explain non-enzymatic methods.
Explains the sample used in the analysis.
Recognizes the materials and devices used in the analysis method.
Lists the analysis methods.
Explains the principle of the analysis methods.
Explains the precautions to be taken during the analysis.
Will be able to explain enzymatic methods.
Explains the sample used in the analysis.
Recognizes the materials and devices used in the analysis method.
Lists the analysis methods.
Explains the principle of the analysis methods.
Explains the method with a chemical reaction.
Explains the precautions to be taken during the analysis.
Knows the reference range of blood glucose concentration in healthy individuals.
Will be able to explain the dehydration of glycerol.
Explains the purpose of the experiment.
Explains the principle of the experiment method.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the experiment.
Explains how the experiment method is performed.
Explains the possible observation results of the experiment and their reasons.
Will be able to explain the binding of iodine to oleic acid.
Explains the principle of the experiment method.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the experiment.
Explains how the experiment method is performed.
Explains the possible observation results of the experiment and their reasons.
Knows the name of the method.
Will be able to explain the determination of total cholesterol levels.
Explains the purpose of the experiment.
Explains the principle of the experiment method.
Explains the purpose of the chemicals used in the experiment.
Explains how the experiment method is performed.
Explains the possible observation results of the experiment and their reasons.
Explains the precautions to be taken during the analysis.
Knows the reference range of blood cholesterol concentration in healthy individuals.
Explains the working principle of the test.
Will be able to explain the determination of β-hCG in urine.
Explains the reason for selecting β-hCG as a diagnostic parameter in pregnancy.
Explains the possible observation results of the test and their reasons.
Explains the precautions to be taken during the test.
Explains the level of hCG in the blood of a non-pregnant woman.
Will be able to explain the biochemical analysis of urine.
Classifies urine samples.
Lists the physical properties of urine.
Explains the physical properties of urine.
Defines changes in urine volume.
Explains the pathological conditions indicated by the color of urine.
Defines the changes observed in the appearance of urine.
Explains the changes observed in the appearance of urine.
Explains the methods for determining urine density.
Lists the instruments used to measure urine density.
Defines the changes detected in urine density.
Explains the changes detected in urine density.
Knows the reference values for urine density.
Explains the concept of urine osmolality.
Recognizes the instrument used to measure urine osmolality.
Explains the changes observed in the odor of urine.
Explains the chemical properties of urine.
Explains the method used for detecting glucose in urine.
Explains the presence of lactose in urine.
Explains the presence of bilirubin in urine.
Explains the method used for determining bilirubin in urine.
Explains the presence of urobilinogen in urine.
Explains the method used for determining urobilinogen in urine.
Explains the presence of acetone in urine.
Explains the method used for determining acetone in urine.
Will be able to explain the microscopic analysis of urine.
Explains the preparation of the urine sample for analysis.
Explains the cells seen after microscopic examination.
Explains the casts seen after microscopic examination.
Explains the presence of bacteria in urine.
Lists the bacteria found in urine.
Explains the presence of parasites in urine.
Lists the parasites found in urine.
Classifies the crystals observed in urine.
Explains the physical properties of the crystals observed in urine.
Will be able to explain urine test strips.
Explains the working principle of urine test strips.
Explains the preparation of the urine sample for testing.
Lists the parameters that can be measured with test strips.