PHARMACY AND BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES II

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Learning Outcomes

Will be able to explain the brain.
Lists the parts of the brain (cerebrum).
Lists the structures developed from the forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon).
Lists the structures developed from the midbrain (mesencephalon).
Lists the structures developed from the hindbrain (pons, medulla, and cerebellum).
Explains the structures that form the basal ganglia.
Explains the structures that form the limbic system.
Defines the ascending and descending pathways and their functions.
Lists the blood vessels that supply the brain.
Lists the meninges of the brain and spinal cord.
Explains the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Will be able to define the spinal cord.
Explains the gross anatomy of the spinal cord (medulla spinalis).
Explains the internal structure of the spinal cord (medulla spinalis).
Lists the blood vessels that supply the spinal cord.
Will be able to explain general concepts related to the physiology of the central nervous system.
Explains the physiological organization of the central nervous system.
Distinguishes the functional levels of the central nervous system.
Defines the concepts of neuroregulator, neuromediator, neuromodulator, and neurohormone.
Classifies the neuroregulators found in the central nervous system according to their structures.
Gives examples of neuroregulators found in the central nervous system.
Gives examples of neuromediators found in the central nervous system.
Gives examples of neuromodulators found in the central nervous system.
Gives examples of neurohormones found in the central nervous system.
Will be able to define the amine-based neuromediators of the central nervous system.
Lists the adrenergic pathways of the central nervous system.
Lists the noradrenergic pathways of the central nervous system.
Distinguishes the adrenergic receptors found in the central nervous system.
Explains the central effects of adrenaline.
Explains the central mechanisms of action of adrenaline.
Explains the central effects of norepinephrine.
Explains the central mechanisms of action of norepinephrine.
Lists the dopaminergic pathways of the central nervous system.
Distinguishes the dopaminergic receptors found in the central nervous system.
Explains the central effects of dopamine.
Explains the central mechanisms of action of dopamine.
Lists the cholinergic pathways of the central nervous system.
Distinguishes the cholinergic receptors found in the central nervous system.
Explains the central effects of acetylcholine.
Explains the central mechanisms of action of acetylcholine.
Explains the synthesis of serotonin.
Explains the release of serotonin.
Explains the breakdown of serotonin.
Explains the receptors of serotonin.
Explains the postsynaptic processes triggered by serotonin.
Explains the central effects of serotonin.
Explains the central mechanisms of action of serotonin.
Explains the synthesis of histamine.
Explains the release of histamine.
Explains the breakdown of histamine.
Explains the receptors of histamine.
Explains the postsynaptic processes triggered by histamine.
Explains the central effects of histamine.
Explains the central mechanisms of action of histamine.
Will explain the amino acid-based neurotransmitters of the central nervous system.
Explains the synthesis of excitatory amino acids.
Explains the release of excitatory amino acids.
Explains the breakdown of excitatory amino acids.
Explains the receptors of excitatory amino acids.
Explains the postsynaptic processes triggered by excitatory amino acids.
Explains the central effects of excitatory amino acids.
Explains the central mechanisms of action of excitatory amino acids.
Explains the synthesis of inhibitory amino acids.
Explains the release of inhibitory amino acids.
Explains the breakdown of inhibitory amino acids.
Explains the receptors of inhibitory amino acids.
Explains the postsynaptic processes triggered by inhibitory amino acids.
Explains the central effects of inhibitory amino acids.
Explains the central mechanisms of action of inhibitory amino acids.
Will explain the peptide-based neurotransmitters of the central nervous system.
Explains the synthesis of peptide-based neuroregulators.
Explains the release of peptide-based neuroregulators.
Explains the breakdown of peptide-based neuroregulators.
Explains the receptors of peptide-based neuroregulators.
Explains the postsynaptic processes triggered by peptide-based neuroregulators.
Explains the central effects of peptide-based neuroregulators.
Explains the central mechanisms of action of peptide-based neuroregulators.
Will explain sensory receptors and neuronal circuits in information processing.
Explains the types of sensory receptors and the stimuli they respond to.
Explains the conversion of sensory stimuli into nerve impulses.
Distinguishes the nerve fibers that transmit different types of signals.
Classifies nerve fibers from a physiological perspective.
Describes the transmission of signals with varying intensities in nerve tracts.
Explains the transmission and processing of signals in neuronal pools.
Will explain the general organization of somatic sensations, including touch and proprioception.
Classifies somatic sensations.
Discusses the processes of detection and transmission of touch sensations.
Explains the sensory pathways that transmit somatic signals to the central nervous system.
Explains the transmission of the signal in the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system.
Explains the transmission of sensory signals in the anterolateral pathway.
Discusses the unique characteristics of somatic sensory functions.
Will explain somatic sensations: pain, headache, and thermal sensations.
Explains the types and characteristics of pain.
Explains the concepts of fast pain and slow pain.
Explains pain receptors and the processes triggered by their activation.
Explains the transmission of pain signals to the central nervous system.
Distinguishes the pain inhibition systems in the brain and spinal cord.
Explains the concept of referred pain.
Explains the concept of visceral pain.
Explains the general concepts related to thermal sensations.
Will explain the motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes.
Explains the organization of the spinal cord for motor functions.
Explains the roles of muscle sensory receptors, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs in muscle control.
Describes the flexor reflex and withdrawal reflex.
Defines the concept of the crossed extensor reflex.
Discusses the concepts of reciprocal innervation and inhibition.
Explains postural and movement reflexes.
Lists the spinal reflexes that cause muscle spasms.
Explains the autonomic reflexes in the spinal cord.
Explains the concepts of spinal cord transection and spinal shock.
Will explain the control of motor functions by the cortex and brainstem.
Explains the concepts of the motor cortex and corticospinal tract.
Explains the control of motor functions by the brainstem.
Discusses the concepts of vestibular sensations and the maintenance of balance.
Explains the functions of brainstem nuclei in the control of unconscious, repetitive movements.
Will explain the contributions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia to general motor control.
Explains the relationship between the cerebellum and motor functions.
Explains the relationship between the basal ganglia and motor functions.
Describes how different parts of the motor control system integrate.
Will explain the mental functions of the brain cortex.
Explains the physiological anatomy of the brain cortex.
Explains the functions of specific areas of the brain cortex.
Discusses the brain's role in communication.
Explains the function of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure in transferring thoughts, memories, learning, and other information between the two cerebral hemispheres.
Explains the concepts of thoughts, consciousness, and memory.
Will explain the brain mechanisms related to behavior and motivation – the limbic system and hypothalamus.
Describes the brain's arousal and motivational systems.
Explains the limbic system and its functional anatomy.
Explains the key position of the hypothalamus.
Explains the main control center of the limbic system.
Explains the specific functions of the other parts of the limbic system.
Will explain the brain's activity states – sleep, brain waves, epilepsy, psychoses, and dementia.
Explains the physiology of sleep.
Explains brain waves.
Defines the concepts of seizures and epilepsy.
Defines psychotic behavior.
Defines the concepts of impaired memory and dementia.
Will explain brain blood flow, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain metabolism.
Explains brain blood flow.
Discusses the cerebrospinal fluid system.
Explains brain metabolism.
Will define skeletal muscle excitation: neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling.
Explains the transmission of stimuli from nerve endings to skeletal muscle fibers.
Explains the structure of the neuromuscular junction in detail.
Explains the formation of muscle action potential.
Describes excitation-contraction coupling.
Will be able to explain skeletal muscle contraction.
Explains the general mechanism of muscle contraction.
Explains the mechanism of muscle contraction at a molecular level.
Explains the energy utilization characteristics of muscle contraction.
Describes the contraction properties of the whole muscle.
Will be able to regulate body temperature and define fever.
Distinguishes normal body temperatures.
Discusses the physiological processes related to the regulation of body temperature.
Explains the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of body temperature.
Discusses disorders related to the regulation of body temperature.
Will be able to discuss the regulation of nutrition.
Discusses the balance of energy intake and expenditure under steady conditions.
Explains the regulation of nutrition and energy stores.
Explains obesity.
Explains thinness, anorexia, and cachexia.
Explains hunger.
Will be able to explain leukocytes, granulocytes, the monocyte-macrophage system, and inflammation.
Explains the concept of leukocytes.
Describes the characteristics of leukocytes.
Explains the concept of granulocytes.
Describes the characteristics of granulocytes.
Explains the monocyte-macrophage cell system.
Explains the concept of inflammation.
Discusses inflammatory processes.
Will be able to define the drugs used in mood disorders.
Classifies antidepressant drugs.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of antidepressant drugs.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs.
Distinguishes the indications of antidepressant drugs.
Gives examples of antidepressant drugs for their indicated uses.
Defines the side effects of antidepressant drugs.
Explains the contraindications of antidepressant drugs.
Classifies antimanic drugs.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of antimanic drugs.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of antimanic drugs.
Distinguishes the indications of antimanic drugs.
Gives examples of antimanic drugs for their indicated uses.
Defines the side effects of antimanic drugs.
Explains the contraindications of antimanic drugs.
Will be able to define the drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders.
Classifies antipsychotic drugs.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of antipsychotic drugs.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs.
Distinguishes the indications of antipsychotic drugs.
Gives examples of antipsychotic drugs for their indicated uses.
Defines the side effects of antipsychotic drugs.
Explains the contraindications of antipsychotic drugs.
Will be able to define opioid analgesics.
Classifies opioid analgesics.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of opioid analgesics.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of opioid analgesics.
Distinguishes the indications of opioid analgesics.
Gives examples of opioid analgesics for their indicated uses.
Defines the side effects of opioid analgesics.
Explains the contraindications of opioid analgesics.
Will be able to define non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Classifies non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Distinguishes the indications of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Gives examples of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for their indicated uses.
Defines the side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Explains the contraindications of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Will be able to define the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
Classifies the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
Distinguishes the indications of the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
Gives examples of drugs from this group for their indicated uses.
Defines the side effects of the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
Explains the contraindications of the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
Will be able to define the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Classifies the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Distinguishes the indications of the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Gives examples of anti-Alzheimer drugs for their indicated uses.
Defines the side effects of the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Explains the contraindications of the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Will be able to define general anesthetics.
Classifies general anesthetics.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of general anesthetics.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of general anesthetics.
Distinguishes the indications of general anesthetics.
Gives examples of general anesthetics for the indications they are used for.
Defines the side effects of general anesthetics.
Explains the contraindications of general anesthetics.
Will be able to define local anesthetics.
Classifies local anesthetics.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of local anesthetics.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of local anesthetics.
Distinguishes the indications of local anesthetics.
Gives examples of local anesthetics for the indications they are used for.
Defines the side effects of local anesthetics.
Explains the contraindications of local anesthetics.
Will be able to define skeletal muscle relaxants.
Classifies centrally acting muscle relaxants.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of centrally acting muscle relaxants.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of centrally acting muscle relaxants.
Distinguishes the indications of centrally acting muscle relaxants.
Gives examples of centrally acting muscle relaxants for the indications they are used for.
Defines the side effects of centrally acting muscle relaxants.
Explains the contraindications of centrally acting muscle relaxants.
Classifies neuromuscular blockers.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of neuromuscular blockers.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of neuromuscular blockers.
Distinguishes the indications of neuromuscular blockers.
Gives examples of neuromuscular blockers for the indications they are used for.
Defines the side effects of neuromuscular blockers.
Explains the contraindications of neuromuscular blockers.
Classifies cellularly acting muscle relaxants.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of cellularly acting muscle relaxants.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of cellularly acting muscle relaxants.
Distinguishes the indications of cellularly acting muscle relaxants.
Gives examples of cellularly acting muscle relaxants for the indications they are used for.
Defines the side effects of cellularly acting muscle relaxants.
Explains the contraindications of cellularly acting muscle relaxants.
Will be able to define hypnotic-sedative drugs.
Classifies hypnotic-sedative drugs.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of hypnotic-sedative drugs.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of hypnotic-sedative drugs.
Distinguishes the indications of hypnotic-sedative drugs.
Gives examples of hypnotic-sedative drugs for the indications they are used for.
Defines the side effects of hypnotic-sedative drugs.
Explains the contraindications of hypnotic-sedative drugs.
Will be able to define anxiolytic drugs.
Classifies anxiolytic drugs.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of anxiolytic drugs.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of anxiolytic drugs.
Distinguishes the indications of anxiolytic drugs.
Gives examples of anxiolytic drugs for the indications they are used for.
Defines the side effects of anxiolytic drugs.
Explains the contraindications of anxiolytic drugs.
Will be able to define antiepileptic drugs.
Classifies antiepileptic drugs.
Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of antiepileptic drugs.
Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs.
Distinguishes the indications of antiepileptic drugs.
Gives examples of antiepileptic drugs for the indications they are used for.
Defines the side effects of antiepileptic drugs.
Explains the contraindications of antiepileptic drugs.
Will be able to explain the adverse effects induced by drugs used in mood disorders.
Lists the adverse effects induced by antidepressant drugs.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by antidepressant drugs.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by antidepressant drugs.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Lists the adverse effects induced by antimanic drugs.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by antimanic drugs.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by antimanic drugs.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Will be able to explain the adverse effects induced by drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders.
Lists the adverse effects induced by antipsychotic drugs.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by antipsychotic drugs.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by antipsychotic drugs.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Will be able to explain the adverse effects induced by opioid analgesics.
Lists the adverse effects induced by opioid analgesics.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by opioid analgesics.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by opioid analgesics.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Will be able to explain the adverse effects induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Lists the adverse effects induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Will be able to explain the adverse effects induced by the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
Lists the adverse effects induced by the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Will be able to explain the adverse effects induced by the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Lists the adverse effects induced by the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Will be able to explain the adverse effects induced by general anesthetics.
Lists the adverse effects induced by general anesthetics.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by general anesthetics.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by general anesthetics.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Will be able to explain the adverse effects induced by local anesthetics.
Lists the adverse effects induced by local anesthetics.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by local anesthetics.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by local anesthetics.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Will be able to explain the adverse effects induced by skeletal muscle relaxants.
Lists the adverse effects induced by centrally acting muscle relaxants.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by centrally acting muscle relaxants.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by centrally acting muscle relaxants.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Lists the adverse effects induced by neuromuscular blockers.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by neuromuscular blockers.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by neuromuscular blockers.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Lists the adverse effects induced by cellularly acting muscle relaxants.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by cellularly acting muscle relaxants.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by cellularly acting muscle relaxants.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Will be able to explain the adverse effects induced by hypnotic-sedative drugs.
Lists the adverse effects induced by hypnotic-sedative drugs.
Explains the mechanisms of adverse effects induced by hypnotic-sedative drugs.
Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by hypnotic-sedative drugs.
Lists drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
Explains drug-drug and drug-food interactions.