CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

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Learning Outcomes

Will be able to explain Clinical Biochemistry.
Defines Clinical Biochemistry.
Explains the basic components of Clinical Biochemistry.
Lists the considerations for selecting analytical methods.
Defines reference values.
Explains the information systems used in Clinical Laboratories.
Explains the variables that may affect Clinical Laboratory test results.
Will be able to explain nucleic acid metabolism disorders.
Knows the classification of nucleic acid metabolism disorders.
Classifies and explains purine and pyrimidine metabolism disorders.
Lists and explains the clinical findings and causes of hyperuricemia.
Explains the causes of hyperuricemia complications.
Lists and explains the clinical findings and causes of hypouricemia.
Will be able to explain amino acid dysfunctions.
Classifies amino acid metabolism diseases.
Knows the amino acids that are particularly important in amino acid metabolism disorders.
Knows which enzyme is deficient in amino acid metabolism disorders.
Classifies Phenylketonuria (PKU) and is knowledgeable about its treatment.
Classifies Tyrosinemia disease.
Knows which enzyme is deficient in Alkaptonuria disease.
Knows the enzyme deficiency in Albinism metabolic disorder.
Knows the enzyme deficiency in Cystinuria metabolic disorder.
Knows the enzyme deficiency in Maple Syrup Disease metabolic disorder.
Comments on the consequences of untreated amino acid metabolism diseases.
Will be able to explain hemoglobin metabolism disorders.
Classifies hemoglobin compounds.
Knows hemoglobin metabolism disorders.
Explains and classifies hemoglobinopathy, an inherited hemoglobin disorder.
Classifies and explains porphyrias, inherited disorders in heme biosynthesis.
Knows the fate of bilirubin formed during hemoglobin breakdown.
Classifies hyperbilirubinemias.
Can discuss the elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Lists the causes of iron deficiency and knows its pathological consequences.
Classifies anemias caused by iron deficiency.
Lists conditions associated with iron excess.
Lists the pathological consequences associated with iron excess.
Lists and explains the parameters used to evaluate iron metabolism.
Will be able to explain enzymes and their clinical significance.
Lists clinically important enzymes.
Lists the factors that affect blood enzyme levels.
Will be able to explain liver, cardiac, and skeletal enzymes (Transaminases, Creatine Kinase, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Alkaline Phosphatase).
Explains the function of enzymes.
Explains the clinical significance of enzymes.
Explains the methods for measuring enzymes.
Defines the reference ranges of enzymes.
Will be able to explain bile duct enzymes (5' nucleotidase, Gamma-glutamyl transferase).
Explains the function of enzymes.
Explains the clinical significance of enzymes.
Explains the methods for measuring enzymes.
Defines the reference ranges of enzymes.
Will be able to explain pancreatic digestive enzymes (Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin).
Explains the function of enzymes.
Explains the clinical significance of enzymes.
Explains the methods for measuring enzymes.
Defines the reference ranges of enzymes.
Will be able to explain other clinically significant enzymes (Acid phosphatase, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Cholinesterase, Glutamate dehydrogenase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase).
Explains the function of enzymes.
Explains the clinical significance of enzymes.
Explains the methods for measuring enzymes.
Defines the reference ranges of enzymes.
Will be able to explain blood glucose homeostasis.
Lists the sources of blood glucose.
Explains the role of the liver in blood glucose homeostasis.
Lists the hormones involved in blood glucose homeostasis.
Explains the relationships between glucose, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies.
Lists carbohydrate metabolism diseases.
Will be able to explain Diabetes Mellitus.
Defines Diabetes Mellitus.
Classifies Diabetes Mellitus.
Explains the pathogenesis of Type I Diabetes Mellitus.
Explains the pathogenesis of Type II Diabetes Mellitus.
Explains insulin resistance.
Explains the diagnostic criteria for Diabetes Mellitus.
Explains the biochemical parameters associated with the diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and their clinical use.
Lists the applications of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT).
Explains how to perform the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and the important considerations.
Explains Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
Lists the acute and chronic complications of diabetes.
Explains the biochemical parameters and clinical uses for determining and monitoring complications.
Defines the reference ranges for parameters associated with Diabetes Mellitus.
Will be able to explain hypoglycemia.
Defines hypoglycemia.
Lists the causes of hypoglycemia.
Explains inherited metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.
Evaluates laboratory findings.
Will be able to explain serum lipids, lipoproteins, and related diseases.
Explains the clinical significance of serum lipids.
Explains the relationship between cholesterol and atherosclerosis.
Explains the relationship between cholesterol and coronary heart disease.
Lists the risk factors for coronary heart disease.
Defines and classifies dyslipidemia.
Explains the etiology of dyslipidemia.
Explains the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia.
Defines the reference ranges for blood lipid levels.
Evaluates blood lipid parameters.
Will be able to explain thyroid dysfunctions.
Classifies thyroid dysfunctions.
Defines hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Explains the etiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Explains the pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Lists the clinical findings of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Will be able to explain the laboratory evaluation of thyroid functions.
Lists thyroid function tests.
Explains thyroid function tests.
Defines the reference ranges for parameters related to thyroid function.
Evaluates laboratory findings.
Will be able to explain deficiencies and disorders of fat-soluble vitamins.
Defines the deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins and their causes.
Explains the clinical findings of A, D, E, and K vitamin deficiencies.
Explains the clinical biochemistry significance of fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies.
Will be able to explain deficiencies and disorders of water-soluble vitamins.
Explains the clinical findings of B group vitamins and C vitamin deficiencies.
Evaluates the clinical biochemistry significance of water-soluble vitamin deficiencies.
Will be able to explain disorders of calcium homeostasis.
Explains hypercalcemia and its symptoms.
Lists the causes of hypercalcemia.
Explains hypocalcemia and its symptoms.
Lists the causes of hypocalcemia.
Explains the diagnostic criteria and laboratory tests used for calcium homeostasis disorders.
Will be able to explain disorders of phosphate homeostasis.
Defines hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia and lists their causes.
Explains the diagnostic criteria and laboratory tests used for phosphate homeostasis disorders.
Will be able to explain metabolic bone disease.
Defines osteoporosis.
Explains the etiology of osteoporosis.
Explains the pathophysiology of osteoporosis.
Explains osteomalacia and rickets.
Explains Paget's disease.
Will be able to explain disorders of magnesium homeostasis.
Defines magnesium deficiency and hypermagnesemia and lists their causes.
Explains the diagnostic criteria and laboratory tests used for magnesium homeostasis disorders.
Will be able to explain disorders of sodium and water metabolism.
Explains the causes of sodium and water loss.
Lists the clinical and laboratory findings.
Lists the causes and clinical findings of water loss.
Defines hypernatremia and explains its causes.
Lists the causes and clinical findings of water excess.
Defines hyponatremia and explains its causes.
Explains the diagnostic criteria and laboratory tests used for disorders of sodium and water metabolism.
Will be able to explain potassium deficiency and hypokalemia.
Lists and explains the causes of potassium deficiency and hypokalemia.
Describes the clinical findings and laboratory investigation in potassium deficiency.
Lists and explains the causes of hyperkalemia.
Describes the clinical findings and laboratory investigation in hyperkalemia.
Explains the clinical findings and laboratory tests used in hyperkalemia.
Will be able to explain the clinical interpretation of tumor markers.
Gives examples of potential applications of tumor markers.
Explains the clinical significance of tumor markers.
Classifies tumor markers.
Knows and discusses the types of cancer in which tumor markers are elevated.
Knows the areas of application for tumor markers.
Provides commentary on the levels of tumor markers in the blood.